Paul’s citations of Isaiah in Romans 11 make a fitting conclusion to our discussion of how the NT authors use the OT to help us understand the gospel’s timeline. Isaiah points to the past of Israel’s stubbornness and exile. He points to the present to explain the ongoing hardening of many Jews toward the Deliverer. And he points to the future when this Deliverer “from Zion” will banish sin and ungodliness forever. In a hyperindividualized age, it is sometimes easy for Christians to fall into
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